|
31 March 1946 – 1 May 1950 |place = China |result = Chinese Communist victory * Communist takeover of mainland China * People's Republic of China established in mainland China * Government of the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan * Combat ended, but no armistice or peace treaty signed |combatant1 = 1927–1949 * Kuomintang * * National Revolutionary Army * Allied warlords |combatant1a=1949–1950 on Taiwan |combatant2 = 1927–1949 Communist Party * People's Liberation Army |combatant2a = 1949–1950 |commander1=Chiang Kai-shek Bai Chongxi Chen Cheng Li Zongren Yan Xishan He Yingqin Wang Yaowu Wei Lihuang Fu Zuoyi Liu Chih Sun Li-jen Du Yuming Xue Yue Zhang Xueliang Feng Yuxiang (until 1930) |commander2 = Mao Zedong Zhu De Peng Dehuai Lin Biao Liu Bocheng Zhou Enlai Chen Yi Deng Xiaoping Nie Rongzhen Su Yu Chen Geng Xu Xiangqian Ye Fei He Long Ye Ting |strength1= 4,300,000 (June 1946)〔(Èëãñèõ±¨ )〕 3,650,000 (June 1948) 1,490,000 (June 1949) |strength2 = 1,200,000 (July 1945)〔 2,800,000 (June 1948) 4,000,000 (June 1949) |casualties1 = ~1.5 million (1948–1949) |casualties2 = ~250,000 (1948–1949)〔 |casualties3 = 1928–1936: ~2 million military casualties 1945–1949: ~6 million (including civilians)〔 }} The Chinese Civil War () was a civil war in China fought between forces loyal to the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China, and forces loyal to the Communist Party of China (CPC).〔Gay, Kathlyn. () (2008). 21st Century Books. Mao Zedong's China. ISBN 0-8225-7285-0. pg 7〕 The war began in August 1927, with Chiang Kai-Shek's Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major active battles ceased in 1950.〔Hutchings, Graham. () (2001). Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00658-5.〕 The conflict eventually resulted in two ''de facto'' states, the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China, both officially claiming to be the legitimate government of China. The war represented an ideological split between the Communist CPC and the KMT's brand of Nationalism. It continued intermittently until late 1937, when the two parties came together to form the Second United Front to counter a Japanese invasion and prevent the country from adding to an earlier invasion into Manchuria in 1931. China's full-scale civil war resumed in 1946, a year after the end of hostilities with Japan. Four years later came the cessation of major military hostilities, with the newly founded People's Republic of China controlling mainland China (including Hainan) and the Republic of China's jurisdiction being restricted to Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy, Matsu and several outlying islands. Historian Odd Arne Westad says the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-shek and also because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China. Furthermore, his party was weakened in the war against the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Communists targeted different groups, such as peasants, and brought them to its corner.〔Odd Arne Westad, ''Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750'' (2012) p 291.〕 Chiang wrote in his diary in June 1948 that the KMT had failed not because of external enemies but because of rot from within.〔(Hoover Institution – Hoover Digest – Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for China )〕 Strong initial support from the US diminished with the failure of the Marshall Mission, and then stopped completely mainly because of KMT corruption 〔http://www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/eu_file/12010586724.pdf〕 (such as the notorious Yangtze Development Corporation 〔http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/soong_register.pdf〕 controlled by H.H. Kung and T.V. Soong's family) 〔http://big5.backchina.com/blog/323944/article-142137.html〕 and KMT's military setback in Northeast China. Communist land reform policy, which promised poor peasants farmland from their landlords, ensured PLA popular support. After the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II, Soviet forces turned over their captured Japanese weapons to the CPC and allowed it to take control of territory in Manchuria; many believe the Soviet Union was allowed to do so by the US and the United Kingdom because of their desire to influence the outcome of the Chinese Civil War (especially in the decisive battles in Northeast China) at the expense of the Republic of China government by the result of the Yalta Conference until the start of the Cold War across the Taiwan Strait (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505). In the Chinese Civil War after 1945, the economy in the ROC areas collapsed because of hyperinflation and the failure of price controls by the ROC government and financial reforms; the Gold Yuan devaluated sharply in late 1948 〔http://www.mof.gov.tw/museum/ct.asp?xItem=3682&ctNode=34〕 and resulted in the ROC government losing the support of the cities' middle classes; in the meantime, the Communists continued their relentless land reform (land redistribution) programs to win the support of the population in the countryside. To this day no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, and there is debate about whether the Civil War has legally ended. Cross-Strait relations have been hindered by military threats and political and economic pressure, particularly over Taiwan's political status, with both governments officially adhering to a "One-China policy." The PRC still actively claims Taiwan as part of its territory and continues to threaten the ROC with a military invasion if the ROC officially declares independence by changing its name to and gaining international recognition as the Republic of Taiwan. The ROC mutually claims mainland China, and they both continue the fight over diplomatic recognition. Today the war as such occurs on the political and economic fronts in the form of cross-Strait relations; however, the two separate ''de facto'' states have close economic ties.〔So, Alvin Y. Lin, Nan. Poston, Dudley L. Contributor Professor, So, Alvin Y. () (2001). The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0-313-30869-1.〕 == Background == The Qing Dynasty, the last of the ruling Chinese dynasties, collapsed in 1911 and finally fell in 1912 with the abdication of the last emperor.〔 China fell into what became known as the Warlord era, when control of much of the country was divided among a group of powerful independent warlords, military leaders with their own private armies. The anti-monarchist and national unificationist Kuomintang party and its leader Sun Yat-sen sought the help of foreign powers to defeat these warlords, who had seized control of much of Northern China, Sun Yat-sen's efforts to obtain aid from the Western countries were ignored, however, and in 1921 he turned to the Soviet Union. For political expediency the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Communist Party of China, which would eventually found the People's Republic of China. Thus the struggle for power in China began between the KMT and the CPC. In 1923 a joint statement by Sun and Soviet representative Adolph Joffe in Shanghai pledged Soviet assistance for China's unification.〔March, G. Patrick. Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. () (1996). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-95566-4. pg 205.〕 The Sun-Joffe Manifesto was a declaration of cooperation among the Comintern, KMT and the Communist Party of China.〔 Comintern agent Mikhail Borodin arrived in China in 1923 to aid in the reorganization and consolidation of the KMT along the lines of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPC joined the KMT to form the First United Front.〔 In 1923 Sun Yat-sen sent Chiang Kai-shek, one of his lieutenants from his Tongmeng Hui days, for several months of military and political study in Moscow.〔Chang, H.H. Chang. () (2007). Chiang Kai Shek - Asia's Man of Destiny. ISBN 1-4067-5818-3. pg 126〕 By 1924 Chiang became the head of the Whampoa Military Academy, and rose to prominence as Sun's successor as head of the KMT.〔 The Soviets provided much studying material, organization and equipment, including munitions, for the academy.〔 They also provided education in many of the techniques for mass mobilization. With this aid Sun Yat-sen was able to raise a dedicated "army of the party," with which he hoped to defeat the warlords militarily. CPC members were also present in the academy, and many of them became instructors, including Zhou Enlai, who was made a political instructor.〔Ho, Alfred K. Ho, Alfred Kuo-liang. () (2004). China's Reforms and Reformers. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-96080-3. pg 7.〕 Communist members were allowed to join the KMT on an individual basis.〔 The CPC itself was still small at the time, having a membership of 300 in 1922 and only 1,500 by 1925.〔Fairbank, John King. () (1994). China: A New History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-11673-9.〕 The KMT in 1923 had 50,000 members.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chinese Civil War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|